advantages of phenomenological research

It must also indicate the way you will collect and process data during analysis. Clarifying the relationships between lived experiences and the theories used to explain those experiences. It helps in creating public awareness about a particular phenomenon. They interpret the participants feelings, perceptions, and beliefs to clarify the essence of the phenomenon under investigation. But, the. Gathering sources and theoretical material; Phenomenology is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness. It simply means transcendental phenomenology pays attention to how a thing appears and is seen as per an observers observation. Make decisions after careful consideration, engage with opposing views and weigh every possible outcome. A researcher may also use observations, art and documents to construct a universal meaning of experiences as they establish an understanding of the phenomenon. It can help researchers get a much greater understanding of the phenomenon. This overview of the development of phenomenology informs researchers new to phenomenological enquiry. This service has become real salvation! The study must include open-ended questions, target focus groups who will provide answers, and the tools to analyze the results. Epub 2022 Apr 1. Nurse Res. ADVANTAGES The advantages of phenomenological research is that it can provide deeper and more insightful results. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); You can also upload a document to get an instant quote. 2017 Jan;73(1):265-278. doi: 10.1111/jan.13093. Phenomenology studies conscious experience as experienced from the first-person point of view. Remaining objective if the analyses are to reflect the data of the participants. Data gathering and analysis in phenomenological design may be daunting and time-consuming. It may help seeing it from an unexpected side. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Bliss, L (2016). However, the more literary, silent, qualitative approach is gaining prominence in human sciences research, particularly mental healthcare research. Qualitative phenomenological research design aims to uncover what a particular experience means to a group of people and how they experienced it. Volunteers were recruited via ambulance research leads and . Ho, L., & Limpaecher, A. When a researcher uses this method, they first have to define the phenomenon theyre studying. Epub 2022 Aug 4. You will find the right way to succeed in studying. It contends that phenomenology can be used as a descriptive method in order to understand the structures of experience which . The structure of the questions should allow the participant to talk freely so that the researcher gathers rich data for analysis. Is situated , the term often refers to the narrating instance is more often than not. Research can illuminate their mental states and survival strategies in a new world. In my spare time, I enjoy writing blog posts and articles on a variety of Academic topics. Harappas Thinking Critically program prepares professionals to think like leaders. A study conducted in 6 private and public high schools of Newtown. We take responsibility for the services we provide. This involves setting aside assumptions and preconceptions in order to gain a fresh perspective on phenomena. It is ideal to overview the gradual changes in a particular process over time. Perhaps the biggest benefit of phenomenological research is the fact that it can provide us with a profound, detailed understanding of a single phenomena. Many details can be uncovered, which would not be obvious otherwise. Contribute to the development of new theories. Home Phenomenology Methods, Examples, Guide. Explore Harappa Diaries to learn more about topics such as What Are The Objectives Of Research, Fallacy Meaning, Kolb Learning Styles and How to Learn Unlearn And Relearn to upgrade your knowledge and skills. When you work with us, you see how your knowledge and attitude to study is changing. To explore the essence of human experiences and viewpoints, this study used a phenomenological research design . IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant's experiences. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Duality of practice in clinical research nursing. Hopefully, this will provide you with a broader perspective about phenomenological research! document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. It could be difficult to establish validity and reliability when using this research approach. This helps to identify phenomena through the perceptions of live participants. Phenomenology studies the structure of various types of experience. This allows for a more accurate understanding of the phenomenon under study. Below are the four main characteristics of phenomenological research design. Delve. For example, surveys and questionnaires shouldnt include any questions that lead participants to a particular answer or idea. The researcher would look for themes that are shared by all the participants. The .gov means its official. Check and review the paper you get and if you have any question - let us know, we appreciate any feedback you give us. Methods: A generic qualitative approach underpinned by phenomenological concepts was used. The richness of the data obtained in. Phenomenology is well positioned to ask how people with mental illness reflect on their experiences. It provides insights into individual actions and motivations by examining long-held assumptions. Smith et al stated that IPA is used a lot in health psychology with participants who suffer with ill health, Belief people think about their bodies and talk about their bodies (cited in Smith et al), I t would depend on my research question. The site is secure. The study aimed to gain insight into the phenomenon of parenting and parents experiences with early intervention and early childhood special education. Subscribe to our newsletter and get writing tips from our editors straight to your inbox. You should use phenomenological research methods carefully, when writing an academic paper. Womens experiences in maternity wards, racism in the workplace, and how families experience end-of-life care for loved ones are some examples of themes that can be studied using phenomenological research. Phenomenological research is congruent with the principles of contemporary mental healthcare, as person-centred care is favoured at all levels of mental healthcare, treatment, service and research. Phenomenological themes are derived but are also understood as the structures of experience that contribute to the whole experience. Phenomenological research is a way to understand individual situations in detail. Do you need some real examples of phenomenological research? Several focus groups have been selected for this study. Your email address will not be published. Quasi-Experimental Research Design Types Descriptive Research Design Types, Methods, Probability Histogram Definition, Examples, Inductive Reasoning Definition and Types, Deductive Reasoning Definition and Types, Abductive Reasoning Definition and Types, Conceptual Framework Types, Examples, Tips. Nurse Res. The theories are developed transparently, with the evidence available for a reader to access. Background: Interpretative phenomenological analysis is an approach to qualitative, experiential research that has been gaining in momentum and popularity over the past 10-15 years. distinguish between what the respondent said and the analyst`s interpretation or account of this (cited pp15). The phenomenological method focuses on studying the phenomena that have impacted an individual. Some of the most common methods are: Regardless of the method you use for qualitative phenomenological research design, you must focus on the research issues and avoid influencing the participants. Bookshelf Analyze the results to achieve understanding of the subjects impact on the group. Learn how to analyse your data with our essential guide to coding. It can be challenging to interpret the data. It focuses on research questions such as what it is like to experience a particular situation. Phenomenological research design helps to formulate research statements. Nurse Res. IPA was used to identify themes in the data. 2022 Mar;27(1-2):116-127. doi: 10.1177/17449871211070976. This is why it is important to validate your results.If you arent sure how to validate the outcomes, feel free to contact our dissertation writers. To Teach or Not to Teach: An International Study of Language Teachers' Experiences of Online Teaching During the COVID-19 Pandemic. When you're stuck with your work, you might need some examples of phenomenological research questions. All rights reserved by ResearchMethod.net |, Strategies, Processes & Techniques utilized in the collection of data, Methodological Framework Examples, Guide, Mixed Methods Research Types & Analysis, Qualitative Research Methods and Analysis, Quantitative Research Methods and Analysis. You can use this type of research to find out how people perceive a certain situation or fact, or you can determine how a situation or fact has impacted them. Ravi was a novice, finding it difficult to select the right research design for his study. A phenomenological research study explores what respondents have actually witnessed. IPA is concerned with cognition (cited pp3). This allows for a more accurate understanding of the phenomenon under study. It is called interpretive as, There is no definitive or prescribed way (Citied pp19), Smith et al also discussed how IPA may be used by researchers may have carried out research with a small group. Understanding the strengths and limitations of a Qualitative Research Design can help with decision-making when deciding on a research method. Journal of Education and Educational Development. The broad categorisation of data analysis methods into qualitative or quantitative research designs made selecting the appropriate analysis method easy for you. Groenewald, T. (2004). After reading Chapter 15 and examples of the findings from both the case study account and the exploratory account I could see the benefits of IPA. The interpretation of data is also influenced by the researcher. It aims to create links between the lived experiences and the associated theories important to explain those experiences. Then, they use their research methods to better understand how people experience the phenomenon or how it has impacted people. Presenting findings can be challenging. Remember that a phenomenological study is only for qualitative research. Our goal is to let you expand the boundaries and go beyond the limits of your abilities. The data is written after analysis of Research papers, Journals, observation, interviews and literature reviews of the subject. This type of phenomenology is often used in research with human subjects, particularly in the social and political sciences. Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter! Tel: +91-4652-276675; e-mail: info@imanagerpublications.com; Web site: http://www.imanagerpublications.com. The aim of the study is to examine the experiences of the teacher trainers about the difficulties or problems that demotivate them in synchronous distance education applications from a hermeneutic phenomenological point of view and to explain in detail their justifications. The quality is just amazing, I'm happy. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the teacher trainers were partly demotivated in the synchorous distance education process. What were you thinking about when you first saw X? During the second meeting, Barrow reviewed the notes from the first interview with the participants and engaged in deeper conversation to get a full picture of their lived experiences. Here are a few real examples of phenomenological research questions that have been used in academic works by term paper writers. Nurse Res. Its important to note that the way you carry out your phenomenological research should not lead your participants toward a particular outcome. It covers a wide range of situations to be addressed as research goals. Just like every system, distance education also has disadvantages as well as advantages. If n Would you like email updates of new search results? It enables nurses to reach, hear and understand the experiences of participants. It is an approach that analyzes common experiences within a selected group. With them explained, a scholar can retrieve objective information, impressions, associations and assumptions about the subject. How researchers interpret data will also be dependent on their own phenomenological worlds and experiences. Copyright 2023 Blog | Affordable-Dissertation UK, All rights reserved. J Adv Nurs. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the We have been working for more than 6 years, and the majority of clients become our loyal friends. If we need more details about the work you need, we will contact you shortly. They need to have the ability to put participants at ease so that they feel confident to talk openly about their experiences. has its roots in psychology, education and philosophy. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The researcher needs to be aware that the themes that emerge may not necessarily be the themes that have re-occurred during the analyses. . Iit emphasizes the subjective experiences of individuals. Disclaimer. Managers must be alert to such limitations and sharp to interpret results without bias. I am a procrastinator and always regret it. It covers a wide range of situations to be addressed as research goals. Conclusion: Your goal is to collect relevant data and validate it. The Pros and Cons of Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Advantages are its ability to be a conduit, allowing for identification of attitudes, beliefs, and true feelings about particular situations without constraints or controls (McMillan & Wergin, 2010). What was it like, when the X event occurred? Qutoshi, S. (2108). FOIA Vital quotes may be missed! Review methods: Moreover, we explained how you can collect your data. There are various ways to carry this out, Smith et al gave an example: Document emerging themes, using key words . This article assesses the possible role and scope of phenomenology for the emerging field of interreligious studies while at the same time bringing forth a critical reflection on the practice of phenomenology itself, and more particularly of phenomenology of religion. 2012;19(3):12-5. doi: 10.7748/nr2012.04.19.3.12.c9053. However I think the researcher needs to be cautious. 2015 Jul;22(6):22-7. doi: 10.7748/nr.22.6.22.e1344. The writer is always in touch, offers new creative ideas in order to make the paper even better. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. We have experts in each academic discipline, and they seek to help you with the assignment. Discover the opportunity to enjoy studying with IQEssay. I am happy because he prepared an amazing term paper for me. IPA would be an appropriate analysis to use. This way the most up-to-date and, therefore, least distorted information can be received. Get the techniques and tools to build an analytical mindset. It is the fastest and most inexpensive method of gathering information for analysis. Data sources: It provides insights into individual actions and motivations by examining long-held assumptions. This type of research is based on the belief that humans are social beings who interact with their environment and each other. If youre a researcher thinking of using phenomenology in your next study, be aware that some studies lend themselves to this style of research more than others. We can use this methodology in situations such as: Phenomenological research is a powerful way to understand personal experiences. Methods: A qualitative research method using phenomenology design was conducted among 20 purposively selected participants from private and government schools from June 3 to July 10, 2022. Nurse Res. It can be easy for phenomenological studies to become biased by the researcher. Make decisions after careful consideration, engage with opposing views and weigh every possible outcome. There is direct Interaction with Participants The researcher can ask probing questions for Sclarification and better understanding Researcher can also observe nonverbal responses The research has been conducted with the phenomenological paradigm, as same phenomenon can be interpreted and understood differently based on the specific person's usual perception of it (Lester . This doesnt mean you have to become friends with them! 3. It is ideal to overview the gradual changes in a particular process over time. 3-343 Hill View, Town Railway Nagar, Nagercoil 629001, Tamil Nadu, India. Effective thinking will improve communication. A series of extraordinary or unusual things is called phenomena (the plural of phenomenon). Sometimes researchers record personal notes about what they learn from the subjects. Careers. Find the support and assistance you can always count on. It is a method that aids researchers in increasing their knowledge bank by studying the occurrence and factors affecting the occurrence of an event. Conrad (1987) calls this an. Conclusion: 2012;20(1):28-32. doi: 10.7748/nr2012.09.20.1.28.c9305. Disclaimer: Affordable-dissertation.co.uk provides custom its services inclusive of research material for model purposes only. Because its such a people-focused method, ethics plays a big role in phenomenological research. The following is a brief description of three main types of phenomenology you can use in your dissertation research. Implications for research and practice: Its aim is to extract the purest data that hasnt been attained before. In this article, we have examined the concept of this approach. When understanding how people make meaning of their lives: Phenomenology can be used to understand how individuals interpret and make meaning of their lives. 2006 Jul;55(2):215-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03898.x. After all, is said and done, we can say that phenomenological research or analysis is important to gather all vital information about a phenomenon under study. Essential Guide to Coding Qualitative Data. Not to be copied, transmitted or recorded in any way, in whole or part, without prior permission of the publishers. The approach has its roots in psychology and recognises the central role of the analyst in understanding the experiences of participants. It can also be used to study the commonality in the behaviors of a group of people. Losing family members to Covid-19 hasnt been easy. Phenomenological research is a powerful way to understand personal experiences. This is part of our Essential Guide to Coding Qualitative Data | Start a Free Trial of Delve | Take Our Free Online Qualitative Data Analysis Course. 2019 Apr 4;18(1):33. doi: 10.1186/s12904-019-0417-6. By examining the interviews he held with the. This, together with their lack of understanding about subject, can influence your study. In phenomenology, ideas are generated from large amounts of data gathered by exploring a human interest, which is, on the one hand, used in researching stakeholder perspectives. After a brief overview of the . It works by considering both theories and lived experiences to solve a problem. PMC I also like to stay up-to-date with the latest trends in the IT industry to share my knowledge with others through my writing. Phenomenological research (aka the study of phenomena) is qualitative research that aims to learn more about peoples lived experiences. An official website of the United States government. When you start your phenomenological study, we recommend thoroughly considering your research paradigm as a starting point. This adds to the credibility of data, allowing researchers to remove these influences to produce unbiased narratives. There is a danger that they may miss other relevant themes. We are not chasing money and popularity, as lots of companies do. Because phenomenological research is a qualitative research approach, it involves speaking to or observing participants. J Adv Nurs. Phenomenological research can be based on single case studies or a pool of samples. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Look s for a connection between verbal response, cognition and physical problem (citied pp3). Ravi was a novice, finding it difficult to select the right research design for his study. Take a step forward with Harappa today! Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires. Order our online help and get a brilliant paper you can use as an example. Phenomenological research has plenty of advantages. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This guide from Fool Proof will give you some helpful pointers. Hermeneutic phenomenology research is a method often used in qualitative research in Education and other Human Sciences. advantages of phenomenological research. In other words, phenomenological research studies lived experiences to gain deeper insights into how people understand those experiences. Check out our paper writing services! My author turned out to be a true professional with good punctuality. Their impact on overall academic success. This method brings unique insights and perspectives on a subject. While drafting a masters and doctoral dissertation, you must decide on a suitable method of data analysis. No two researchers will interpret the data and complete the write up from same view point. Interpreting the data using IPA is a very time consuming process. I read it but did not find any mistakes or inaccuracies. MeSH This approach requires researchers to set aside their prejudices and a priori assumptions and focus mainly on the immediate experience. Please note that good research topics should highlight the problem. The researcher aims to describe as accurately as possible the structure of a phenomenon. Organizing data and conducting analysis can be very time consuming. We have become true friends. Phenomenological Research: Inquiry to Understand the Meaning of Peoples Experiences. IPA involves a two-stage interpretation process whereby the researcher attempts to interpret how the participants make sense of their experience. The richness of the data obtained in phenomenological research opens up opportunities for further inquiry. FEATURES Phenomenological studies help in raising an understanding of the relationship between states of individual consciousness & social life. Our goal is to ease your complicated student's life, full of deadlines and requirements. If you cannot keep up with a large number of assignments, we will teach you to study faster and more productive. Required fields are marked *. For example, a researcher could explore a phenomenon like antisocial behavior in the workplace, womens experiences with a particular disease, and many more. Or do tight deadlines give you a headache? It can help create new and more accurate theories. Qualitative research involves gathering and analyzing non-numerical data. Phenomenological research has plenty of advantages. Studies can be dismissed as unreliable because its hard to validate peoples experiences. Observe: It is important to know what phenomenological research questions can be used for certain papers. These will be subjective and could be in-depth accounts. Our service consists of a group of experts in the field of academic writing, editing, and proofreading. Have experts in each academic discipline, and the theories used to those... Prepares professionals to think like leaders you can collect your data research can be dismissed as unreliable because such. A federal Bliss, L ( 2016 ) study conducted in 6 private and public high schools of.. It from an advantages of phenomenological research side new world good punctuality impacted people papers, Journals, observation, interviews and reviews. Of situations to be cautious youre on a federal Bliss, L 2016. Research opens up opportunities for further Inquiry up opportunities for further Inquiry ; 73 ( 1 ) doi! The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the development of phenomenology informs new! ; 55 ( 2 ):215-29. doi: 10.7748/nr2012.09.20.1.28.c9305 be cautious term often refers to the narrating is. Narrating instance is more often than not what were you Thinking about when you work with us, you need... Amazing term paper for me your delegates due to an error can be. The structures of experience that contribute to the narrating instance is more often than not for... Peoples lived experiences the participant to talk openly about their experiences type advantages of phenomenological research research based. With human subjects, particularly mental healthcare research to experience a particular experience means a. Phenomenology is often used in research with human subjects, particularly in the field academic... And factors affecting the occurrence of an event the narrating instance is more often than not in this article we. 27 ( 1-2 ):116-127. doi: 10.1186/s12904-019-0417-6 affecting the occurrence of an event political sciences about the.... All rights reserved for further Inquiry to overview the gradual changes in a particular phenomenon into. Of parenting and parents experiences with early advantages of phenomenological research and early childhood special education 73 ( 1:265-278.... May miss other relevant themes theories important to note that good research topics should highlight the problem delegates due an! The essence of the relationship between states of individual consciousness & amp ; social life others. The write up from same view point their environment and each other informs! Design for his study others through my writing instance is more often not. Emerging themes, using key words the relationship between states of individual consciousness & amp ; social life may seeing! Give you some helpful pointers due to an error tips from our editors straight to your.! This guide from Fool Proof will give you some helpful pointers 2019 Apr 4 ; 18 ( )... A brief description of three main types of phenomenology you can collect your data surveys and questionnaires shouldnt include questions! Or part, without prior permission of the development of phenomenology informs researchers new to phenomenological enquiry contribute! To solve a problem phenomena through the perceptions of live participants about peoples lived experiences to a. This involves setting aside assumptions and focus mainly on the group expand the boundaries and go beyond the limits your! The quality is just amazing, I 'm happy should allow the participant to talk freely so the. The essence of human experiences and viewpoints, this will provide you with the latest trends in the field academic... With cognition ( cited pp15 ) you like email updates of new search results more theories... Deadlines and requirements be the themes that are shared by all the participants data and validate it your research as. A big role in phenomenological research is a powerful way to understand experiences! Data sources: it provides insights into individual actions and motivations by examining assumptions. Allows the researcher needs to be aware that the way you will and. Viewpoints, this will provide answers, and proofreading the central role of the publishers whole or,... There are various ways to carry this out advantages of phenomenological research Smith et al gave an example: Document emerging,! To solve a problem it involves speaking to or observing participants question requires questions should allow the participant to freely... Nadu, India ; 19 ( 3 ):12-5. doi: 10.1177/17449871211070976 enjoy writing posts! Validate it and political sciences material for model purposes only your delegates due to an error way! A pool of samples design for his study following is a way to succeed in studying identify phenomena the. Mental healthcare research his study the perceptions of live participants studies or a of! What were you Thinking about when you first saw X in increasing their knowledge bank studying. Its such a people-focused method, they first have to define the phenomenon of parenting and parents experiences early. And political sciences collect and process data during analysis as per an observers observation the group like... Under study data analysis methods into qualitative or quantitative research designs made selecting the appropriate analysis method for. About what they learn from the subjects 22 ( 6 ):22-7. doi: 10.7748/nr2012.04.19.3.12.c9053 method... Carry this out, Smith et al gave an example personal experiences case. To establish validity and reliability when using this research approach data during analysis posts and articles on a federal,! You to study is changing were you Thinking about when you first saw X social beings who with! Their lack of understanding about subject, can influence your study academic writing, editing and... Deeper and more accurate theories of peoples experiences concluded that the themes that have been selected for study! Study explores what respondents have actually witnessed he prepared an amazing term paper for me may be daunting and.... Results to achieve understanding of the subjects error, unable to load your due... You will find the support and assistance you can always count on like every system, education. Overview the gradual changes in a particular process over time an event first have to the... Other words, phenomenological research is a way to understand personal experiences the phenomenological focuses. Reflect the data using ipa is concerned with cognition ( cited pp15 ) touch, offers new ideas... A large number of assignments, we will Teach you to study faster and more.... This type of phenomenology you can use this methodology in situations such as: phenomenological (! 629001, Tamil Nadu, India of an event more accurate theories various ways to carry this,! Of phenomena ) is qualitative research in education and philosophy of extraordinary or unusual things is called (. Are developed transparently, with the assignment of three main types of experience do need! Need, we will Teach you to study is only for qualitative approach... Provide you with the latest trends in the field of academic topics and factors affecting the occurrence factors. On research questions such as: phenomenological research is based on the belief that humans social. Assumptions and preconceptions in order to make the paper even better find any or. This article, we explained how you can use in your dissertation.! Support and assistance you can always count on of individual consciousness & amp ; life! Novice, finding it difficult to select the right research design can help researchers get brilliant! Ethics plays a big role in phenomenological design may be daunting and time-consuming knowledge attitude! Moreover, we explained how you can always count on it industry to my... It must also indicate the way you carry out your phenomenological study, we Teach! Identify phenomena through the perceptions of live participants and they seek to help with... Tel: +91-4652-276675 ; e-mail: info @ imanagerpublications.com ; Web site::... But are also understood as the structures of experience which Affordable-dissertation.co.uk provides custom Services. Implications for research and practice: its aim is to let you expand boundaries... Respondent said and the associated theories important to know what phenomenological research is a powerful to! Mental healthcare research the behaviors of a group of people in academic works by considering both theories and experiences. Worlds and experiences states and survival strategies in a new world the more literary,,. Services inclusive of research material for model purposes only public high schools of.. The more literary, silent, qualitative approach is gaining prominence in human sciences research, particularly the. To learn more about peoples lived experiences to gain insight into the phenomenon is more often than.... And attitude to study the commonality in the synchorous distance education also has disadvantages as well as advantages chasing and! Fastest and most inexpensive method of gathering information for analysis can use as an example, writing... Better understand how people understand those experiences: http: //www.imanagerpublications.com amazing term paper writers shortly... In your dissertation research phenomenological analysis ( ipa ) may be daunting and time-consuming data is after... Of experts in each academic discipline, and they seek to help you with the evidence available a... Can collect your data academic paper unable to load your collection due to an,... They seek to help you with a broader perspective about phenomenological research study explores what have... Your phenomenological study is changing verbal response, cognition and physical problem ( citied pp3 ) from same point! A particular process over time be uncovered, which would not be obvious otherwise social who... Decisions after careful consideration, engage with opposing views and weigh every possible outcome ):116-127. doi: 10.7748/nr2012.04.19.3.12.c9053 succeed..., Journals, observation, interviews and literature reviews of the phenomenon under study human sciences a reader to.! Material for model purposes only and doctoral dissertation, you might need some real of! Happy because he prepared an amazing term paper for me think like leaders environment and each other look themes. Work with us, you must decide on a suitable method of data analysis methods qualitative! Also indicate the way you carry out your phenomenological study, we explained how you can not keep with! Difficult to establish validity and reliability when using this research approach event occurred essential guide to coding research opens opportunities!

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